DDL Conversion Guide: Oracle to PostgreSQL Migration

Introduction

Database migration from Oracle to PostgreSQL is one of the most complex technical initiatives enterprises undertake. Oracle licenses can cost millions annually, and modern cloud-native PostgreSQL offers 90% cost savings—but [[[DDL](/tools/ddl-converter)](/tools/ddl-converter)](/tools/ddl-converter) conversion requires deep understanding of vendor-specific SQL dialects, data type mappings, and procedural language differences.

This comprehensive guide explores proven strategies for converting Oracle DDL to PostgreSQL, covering table structures, indexes, constraints, sequences, triggers, stored procedures, and performance optimization patterns used by Fortune 500 companies migrating thousands of database objects.

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Why Organizations Migrate from Oracle to PostgreSQL

Cost Savings:

• Oracle Enterprise Edition: $47,500 per processor + 22% annual support
• Oracle licensing audits result in average $4.2M unexpected costs (Gartner)
• PostgreSQL: $0 licensing, no vendor lock-in
• Cloud-managed PostgreSQL (AWS RDS, Azure, GCP): 80-90% cost reduction

Technical Advantages:

• PostgreSQL supports modern data types (JSONB, arrays, hstore)
• Native full-text search without Oracle Text licensing
• Active open-source community with rapid innovation
• Cloud-native architecture (Aurora PostgreSQL, AlloyDB)
• Better integration with modern development stacks

Business Drivers:

• Avoid Oracle licensing complexity and audit risk
• Cloud migration initiatives (Oracle → AWS/Azure/GCP)
• Consolidate to single database platform
• Support for containerized/Kubernetes deployments

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Core DDL Conversion Patterns

Data Type Mapping

NUMBER Conversion Examples:

-- Oracle
CREATE TABLE products (
    product_id NUMBER(10),          -- Integer
    price NUMBER(10,2),             -- Currency
    quantity NUMBER,                -- Generic number
    tax_rate NUMBER(5,4)           -- Percentage
);

-- PostgreSQL
CREATE TABLE products (
    product_id INTEGER,             -- Or BIGINT if > 2 billion
    price NUMERIC(10,2),
    quantity NUMERIC,               -- Or INTEGER if whole numbers
    tax_rate NUMERIC(5,4)
);

---

Table Structure Conversion

Oracle DDL:

CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id NUMBER(10) PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL,
    last_name VARCHAR2(100) NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR2(255) UNIQUE,
    hire_date DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,
    salary NUMBER(10,2),
    department_id NUMBER(10),
    manager_id NUMBER(10),
    
    CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY (department_id) 
        REFERENCES departments(department_id),
    CONSTRAINT fk_emp_mgr FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) 
        REFERENCES employees(employee_id),
    CONSTRAINT chk_salary CHECK (salary > 0)
);

PostgreSQL DDL:

CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    last_name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(255) UNIQUE,
    hire_date TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    salary NUMERIC(10,2),
    department_id INTEGER,
    manager_id INTEGER,
    
    CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY (department_id) 
        REFERENCES departments(department_id),
    CONSTRAINT fk_emp_mgr FOREIGN KEY (manager_id) 
        REFERENCES employees(employee_id),
    CONSTRAINT chk_salary CHECK (salary > 0)
);

Key Differences:

• SYSDATE → CURRENT_TIMESTAMP or NOW()
• NUMBER(10) → INTEGER (for whole numbers)
• VARCHAR2 → VARCHAR

---

Sequence Conversion

Oracle:

CREATE SEQUENCE employee_seq
    START WITH 1
    INCREMENT BY 1
    NOCACHE
    NOCYCLE;

-- Usage in INSERT
INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, first_name, last_name)
VALUES (employee_seq.NEXTVAL, 'John', 'Doe');

PostgreSQL (Modern Approach - IDENTITY):

CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id INTEGER GENERATED ALWAYS AS IDENTITY PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name VARCHAR(100),
    last_name VARCHAR(100)
);

-- INSERT automatically generates employee_id
INSERT INTO employees (first_name, last_name)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe');

PostgreSQL (Traditional Approach - SERIAL):

CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name VARCHAR(100),
    last_name VARCHAR(100)
);

-- Or explicit sequence
CREATE SEQUENCE employee_seq START 1;

CREATE TABLE employees (
    employee_id INTEGER DEFAULT nextval('employee_seq') PRIMARY KEY,
    first_name VARCHAR(100),
    last_name VARCHAR(100)
);

---

Index Conversion

Oracle:

-- B-tree index (default)
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_dept ON employees(department_id);

-- Unique index
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_emp_email ON employees(email);

-- Composite index
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_name ON employees(last_name, first_name);

-- Function-based index
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_email_upper ON employees(UPPER(email));

-- Bitmap index (Oracle only)
CREATE BITMAP INDEX idx_emp_status ON employees(status);

PostgreSQL:

-- B-tree index (default)
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_dept ON employees(department_id);

-- Unique index
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_emp_email ON employees(email);

-- Composite index
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_name ON employees(last_name, first_name);

-- Expression index (function-based)
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_email_upper ON employees(UPPER(email));

-- No bitmap index - PostgreSQL uses bitmap scans automatically
-- Instead, create regular B-tree index
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_status ON employees(status);

-- GIN index for full-text search
CREATE INDEX idx_emp_search ON employees USING GIN(to_tsvector('english', first_name || ' ' || last_name));

Key Differences:

• PostgreSQL has no BITMAP indexes (uses bitmap scans dynamically)
• PostgreSQL offers GIN/GiST indexes for advanced use cases
• Function-based → Expression indexes (same concept, different name)

---

Constraint Conversion

Oracle:

ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_order_total CHECK (total_amount >= 0);

ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_order_status CHECK (status IN ('PENDING', 'SHIPPED', 'DELIVERED'));

ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_order_dates CHECK (shipped_date >= order_date);

PostgreSQL:

-- Direct mapping - same syntax
ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_order_total CHECK (total_amount >= 0);

ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_order_status CHECK (status IN ('PENDING', 'SHIPPED', 'DELIVERED'));

ALTER TABLE orders
ADD CONSTRAINT chk_order_dates CHECK (shipped_date >= order_date);

-- PostgreSQL also supports ENUM types
CREATE TYPE order_status AS ENUM ('PENDING', 'SHIPPED', 'DELIVERED');

ALTER TABLE orders 
ALTER COLUMN status TYPE order_status USING status::order_status;

---

PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL Conversion

Stored Procedure Conversion

Oracle PL/SQL:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE update_employee_salary (
    p_employee_id IN NUMBER,
    p_new_salary IN NUMBER
)
IS
    v_old_salary NUMBER;
BEGIN
    SELECT salary INTO v_old_salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
    
    UPDATE employees
    SET salary = p_new_salary,
        updated_at = SYSDATE
    WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
    
    INSERT INTO salary_history (employee_id, old_salary, new_salary, changed_at)
    VALUES (p_employee_id, v_old_salary, p_new_salary, SYSDATE);
    
    COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
    WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
        RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Employee not found');
    WHEN OTHERS THEN
        ROLLBACK;
        RAISE;
END;
/

PostgreSQL PL/pgSQL:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_employee_salary (
    p_employee_id INTEGER,
    p_new_salary NUMERIC(10,2)
)
RETURNS VOID AS $$
DECLARE
    v_old_salary NUMERIC(10,2);
BEGIN
    SELECT salary INTO v_old_salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
    
    IF NOT FOUND THEN
        RAISE EXCEPTION 'Employee not found';
    END IF;
    
    UPDATE employees
    SET salary = p_new_salary,
        updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
    WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
    
    INSERT INTO salary_history (employee_id, old_salary, new_salary, changed_at)
    VALUES (p_employee_id, v_old_salary, p_new_salary, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP);
    
    -- PostgreSQL manages transactions automatically
    -- No explicit COMMIT needed
EXCEPTION
    WHEN OTHERS THEN
        RAISE;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

Key Differences:

• IN/OUT parameters: PostgreSQL infers direction
• IS → AS $$
• RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR → RAISE EXCEPTION
• SYSDATE → CURRENT_TIMESTAMP or NOW()
• No explicit COMMIT in functions (use transactions at application level)
• WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND → Check IF NOT FOUND

---

Function Conversion

Oracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_bonus (
    p_employee_id IN NUMBER
)
RETURN NUMBER
IS
    v_salary NUMBER;
    v_bonus NUMBER;
BEGIN
    SELECT salary INTO v_salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
    
    v_bonus := v_salary * 0.10;
    
    RETURN v_bonus;
END;
/

PostgreSQL:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_bonus (
    p_employee_id INTEGER
)
RETURNS NUMERIC(10,2) AS $$
DECLARE
    v_salary NUMERIC(10,2);
    v_bonus NUMERIC(10,2);
BEGIN
    SELECT salary INTO v_salary
    FROM employees
    WHERE employee_id = p_employee_id;
    
    v_bonus := v_salary * 0.10;
    
    RETURN v_bonus;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

---

Trigger Conversion

Oracle:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER trg_employee_audit
AFTER UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO employee_audit (
        employee_id, 
        old_salary, 
        new_salary, 
        changed_by, 
        changed_at
    )
    VALUES (
        :NEW.employee_id,
        :OLD.salary,
        :NEW.salary,
        USER,
        SYSDATE
    );
END;
/

PostgreSQL:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trg_employee_audit_fn()
RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
BEGIN
    INSERT INTO employee_audit (
        employee_id,
        old_salary,
        new_salary,
        changed_by,
        changed_at
    )
    VALUES (
        NEW.employee_id,
        OLD.salary,
        NEW.salary,
        current_user,
        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
    );
    
    RETURN NEW;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

CREATE TRIGGER trg_employee_audit
AFTER UPDATE ON employees
FOR EACH ROW
EXECUTE FUNCTION trg_employee_audit_fn();

Key Differences:

• PostgreSQL requires separate trigger function
• :NEW / :OLD → NEW / OLD (no colon)
• USER → current_user
• Trigger must RETURN NEW or RETURN OLD

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SQL Function Mapping

Examples:

-- Oracle: NVL
SELECT NVL(commission, 0) FROM sales;

-- PostgreSQL: COALESCE
SELECT COALESCE(commission, 0) FROM sales;

-- Oracle: ROWNUM
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWNUM <= 10;

-- PostgreSQL: LIMIT
SELECT * FROM employees LIMIT 10;

-- Oracle: DECODE
SELECT DECODE(status, 'A', 'Active', 'I', 'Inactive', 'Unknown') FROM accounts;

-- PostgreSQL: CASE
SELECT CASE status 
    WHEN 'A' THEN 'Active'
    WHEN 'I' THEN 'Inactive'
    ELSE 'Unknown'
END FROM accounts;

---

Partitioning Conversion

Oracle Range Partitioning:

CREATE TABLE sales (
    sale_id NUMBER,
    sale_date DATE,
    amount NUMBER(10,2)
)
PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_date) (
    PARTITION sales_2023_q1 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('2023-04-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD')),
    PARTITION sales_2023_q2 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('2023-07-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD')),
    PARTITION sales_2023_q3 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('2023-10-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD')),
    PARTITION sales_2023_q4 VALUES LESS THAN (TO_DATE('2024-01-01', 'YYYY-MM-DD'))
);

PostgreSQL Declarative Partitioning:

CREATE TABLE sales (
    sale_id INTEGER,
    sale_date DATE,
    amount NUMERIC(10,2)
) PARTITION BY RANGE (sale_date);

CREATE TABLE sales_2023_q1 PARTITION OF sales
    FOR VALUES FROM ('2023-01-01') TO ('2023-04-01');

CREATE TABLE sales_2023_q2 PARTITION OF sales
    FOR VALUES FROM ('2023-04-01') TO ('2023-07-01');

CREATE TABLE sales_2023_q3 PARTITION OF sales
    FOR VALUES FROM ('2023-07-01') TO ('2023-10-01');

CREATE TABLE sales_2023_q4 PARTITION OF sales
    FOR VALUES FROM ('2023-10-01') TO ('2024-01-01');

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Migration Tools and Automation

Using mdatool DDL Converter

The mdatool DDL Converter automates Oracle to PostgreSQL migration:

Features:

• Automatic data type mapping
• PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL conversion
• Sequence to IDENTITY column conversion
• Index syntax translation
• Constraint mapping
• Batch conversion of hundreds of tables

Example Usage:

1. Paste Oracle DDL into DDL Converter
2. Select "Oracle" as source, "PostgreSQL" as target
3. Review automated conversions
4. Download PostgreSQL DDL

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ora2pg - Open Source Migration Tool

# Install ora2pg
sudo apt-get install ora2pg

# Configuration
cat > ora2pg.conf << EOF
ORACLE_DSN  dbi:Oracle:host=oracle-host;sid=ORCL
ORACLE_USER scott
ORACLE_PWD  tiger

SCHEMA      MYSCHEMA
TYPE        TABLE,SEQUENCE,VIEW,PROCEDURE,FUNCTION,TRIGGER
OUTPUT      schema.sql
EOF

# Extract DDL
ora2pg -c ora2pg.conf -o schema.sql

# Review and edit generated SQL
# Test in PostgreSQL development environment

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Common Conversion Pitfalls

Pitfall 1: Implicit Data Type Conversions

Oracle: Very permissive with implicit conversions PostgreSQL: Strict type checking

-- Oracle: Works (implicit conversion)
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = '123';

-- PostgreSQL: Error (need explicit cast)
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = '123'::INTEGER;
-- Or fix the query
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 123;

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Pitfall 2: NULL Handling in Concatenation

Oracle: NULL in concatenation is ignored PostgreSQL: NULL propagates through concatenation

-- Oracle
SELECT first_name || ' ' || middle_name || ' ' || last_name FROM employees;
-- Result: "John Smith" (even if middle_name is NULL)

-- PostgreSQL
SELECT first_name || ' ' || middle_name || ' ' || last_name FROM employees;
-- Result: NULL (if middle_name is NULL)

-- PostgreSQL Fix
SELECT first_name || ' ' || COALESCE(middle_name || ' ', '') || last_name FROM employees;

---

Pitfall 3: Transaction Management

Oracle: Implicit transaction start, explicit COMMIT PostgreSQL: Explicit BEGIN, auto-commit by default

-- Oracle
UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1;
COMMIT;

-- PostgreSQL (in function)
-- Transactions managed externally, no COMMIT in function

-- PostgreSQL (in application)
BEGIN;
UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1;
COMMIT;

---

Pitfall 4: Outer Join Syntax

Oracle (+) syntax:

-- Oracle (old syntax)
SELECT e.name, d.department_name
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id(+);

PostgreSQL (ANSI SQL):

-- PostgreSQL (standard SQL)
SELECT e.name, d.department_name
FROM employees e
LEFT JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id;

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Performance Optimization After Migration

Statistics and Vacuuming

-- Analyze tables for query planner
ANALYZE employees;

-- Or all tables
ANALYZE;

-- Vacuum to reclaim space
VACUUM employees;

-- Full vacuum (requires exclusive lock)
VACUUM FULL employees;

-- Auto-vacuum configuration (postgresql.conf)
autovacuum = on
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.1
autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.05

---

Index Optimization

-- Find missing indexes
SELECT 
    schemaname,
    tablename,
    seq_scan,
    idx_scan,
    seq_tup_read,
    idx_tup_fetch
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE seq_scan > idx_scan
  AND seq_tup_read > 10000
ORDER BY seq_tup_read DESC;

-- Create recommended indexes
CREATE INDEX idx_employees_dept ON employees(department_id);

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Real-World Case Studies

Case Study 1: Healthcare SaaS (500GB Oracle → PostgreSQL)

Challenge: Migrate 500GB Oracle database with 2,000 tables, 500 PL/SQL procedures

Approach:

• Used ora2pg for initial DDL extraction
• mdatool DDL Converter for complex object conversion
• 6-month dual-run period
• AWS DMS for data replication

Results:

• 92% automated conversion rate
• $800K annual Oracle license savings
• Zero downtime migration
• 40% query performance improvement

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Case Study 2: Financial Services (Oracle RAC → Aurora PostgreSQL)

Challenge: High-availability Oracle RAC to cloud-native PostgreSQL

Approach:

• Aurora PostgreSQL for HA/failover
• PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL manual review (critical procedures)
• Application code refactoring (JDBC → PostgreSQL driver)
• Comprehensive testing (10,000+ unit tests)

Results:

• 99.99% availability maintained
• $1.2M annual cost reduction
• 3x faster read queries (Aurora read replicas)
• 18-month total migration timeline

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Case Study 3: E-commerce Platform (Oracle Exadata → GCP AlloyDB)

Challenge: Migrate from Oracle Exadata to Google Cloud AlloyDB

Approach:

• AlloyDB for PostgreSQL (columnar engine for analytics)
• Batch migration with minimal downtime (4-hour cutover)
• Automated testing framework (DDL compatibility checks)
• Post-migration query optimization

Results:

• 85% infrastructure cost savings
• Sub-second query latency for 95% of queries
• Horizontal scaling capability
• 12-month ROI on migration investment

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Migration Checklist

Pre-Migration:

• Inventory all database objects (tables, indexes, procedures, functions, triggers)
• Document Oracle-specific features and custom code
• Assess application dependencies on Oracle features
• Establish test environment with representative data
• Define success criteria and rollback plan

Conversion Phase:

• Convert DDL using mdatool DDL Converter or ora2pg
• Map data types (NUMBER → INTEGER/NUMERIC)
• Convert PL/SQL to PL/pgSQL
• Translate Oracle functions to PostgreSQL equivalents
• Recreate partitions using PostgreSQL syntax
• Convert indexes (handle bitmap indexes)

Testing Phase:

• Verify schema integrity
• Test all stored procedures and functions
• Validate data migration accuracy
• Performance test critical queries
• Test application integration
• Conduct user acceptance testing

Go-Live:

• Final data sync
• Switch application connection strings
• Monitor for errors and performance issues
• Rollback plan ready if needed

Post-Migration:

• Run ANALYZE on all tables
• Configure auto-vacuum settings
• Optimize slow queries identified in logs
• Set up monitoring and alerting
• Document lessons learned

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Tools and Resources

mdatool Migration Tools:

• DDL Converter - Automated Oracle to PostgreSQL DDL conversion
• [[[[[SQL Linter](/tools/sql-linter)](/tools/sql-linter)](/tools/sql-linter)](/tools/sql-linter)](https://www.mdatool.com/sql-linter) - Validate converted SQL for PostgreSQL compatibility
• Naming Auditor - Ensure consistent naming post-migration
• Data Glossary - Document Oracle → PostgreSQL type mappings

Open Source Tools:

• ora2pg: Comprehensive Oracle to PostgreSQL migration
• pgloader: Fast data loading from Oracle to PostgreSQL
• AWS Database Migration Service (DMS)
• Google Database Migration Service

PostgreSQL Resources:

• PostgreSQL Wiki: Oracle to PostgreSQL Migration Guide
• Ora2Pg Documentation
• EnterpriseDB Migration Toolkit

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Conclusion

Oracle to PostgreSQL migration is achievable with proper planning, tooling, and testing. Key success factors include:

1. Automated DDL conversion - Use mdatool DDL Converter for 90%+ automation
2. Thorough testing - Test procedures, queries, and application integration
3. Performance optimization - Tune PostgreSQL for migrated workloads
4. Incremental approach - Migrate in phases, validate each step
5. Team training - Ensure DBAs understand PostgreSQL differences

Organizations that invest in comprehensive migration planning achieve 95%+ automation rates, minimal downtime, and rapid ROI through Oracle license elimination.

Start your Oracle to PostgreSQL migration with mdatool's specialized conversion tools.

Try our free DDL Converter at mdatool.com